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Doxorubicin Hydrochloride | CAS 25316-40-9 | Anthracycline for Preclinical DNA Damage and Apoptosis Research
Original price was: $3.00.$2.00Current price is: $2.00.
Doxorubicin Hydrochloride (CAS 25316-40-9) is a high-purity anthracycline supplied as a solution for preclinical research. It is widely used to investigate DNA intercalation, topoisomerase II inhibition, apoptosis induction, and cytotoxicity mechanisms in cellular and molecular oncology studies.
Description
Product Description
Doxorubicin Hydrochloride (DOX HCl), CAS 25316-40-9, is a potent anthracycline antibiotic widely employed in preclinical oncology research. Structurally, it contains a tetracyclic ring system that allows DNA intercalation and inhibition of topoisomerase II, resulting in replication stress, DNA strand breaks, S-phase arrest, and apoptotic cell death.
The solution form ensures accurate dosing for in vitro and in vivo assays, overcoming solubility limitations associated with solid formulations. Doxorubicin Hydrochloride is an essential tool for studying mechanistic pathways in DNA damage response, apoptosis, drug resistance, and combination therapy.
Pharmacological Background
Doxorubicin intercalates between DNA base pairs, stabilizing the DNA-topoisomerase II complex and preventing religation. This leads to double-strand DNA breaks, activation of ATR/ATM and p53-dependent pathways, and ultimately apoptotic cell death. The anthracycline also generates reactive oxygen species (ROS), contributing to oxidative stress and cytotoxicity.
Preclinical studies utilize Doxorubicin Hydrochloride to:
Investigate DNA intercalation and topoisomerase II inhibition
Study replication stress and S-phase arrest
Examine ROS-mediated cytotoxicity
Explore apoptotic signaling pathways and caspase activation
Evaluate combination therapy effects with kinase inhibitors, chemotherapeutics, or DNA repair modulators
Model drug resistance mechanisms including efflux transporter activity
The Doxorubicin Hydrochloride solution form allows precise control of concentrations (typically 1–10 mM) for cell culture studies, xenograft models, and pharmacokinetic investigations.
Product Specifications
| Parameter | Specification / Data |
|---|---|
| Chemical Name / Synonyms | Doxorubicin Hydrochloride; DOX HCl; C27H29NO11·HCl |
| CAS Number | 25316-40-9 |
| Molecular Formula | C27H29NO11·HCl |
| Molecular Weight | 579.99 g/mol |
| Purity / Assay | ≥99% |
| Appearance | Red to dark red solution |
| Solvent | Water, DMSO, or laboratory-grade buffers |
| Concentration | Typically 1–10 mM, adjustable per order |
| Storage Temperature | 2–8 °C; protect from light |
| Stability | Stable under refrigeration; avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles |
| Analytical Methods | HPLC, MS, NMR verified; batch consistency confirmed |
| Mechanistic Target | DNA intercalation, Topoisomerase II inhibition, ROS generation, apoptosis |
| Structural Category | Anthracycline, DNA intercalator, topoisomerase inhibitor |
| Applications | Cytotoxicity studies, DNA damage response, apoptosis research, cell-cycle analysis, drug resistance modeling, combination therapy research |
| Batch Consistency | Verified by HPLC, MS, NMR |
| Regulatory Notes | For laboratory research use only |
| Origin | Factory small-molecule supplier; China chemical manufacturer; OEM & bulk production available |
| Additional Data | SMILES: C1=CC2=C3C(=C1C(=O)C4=C(C3OC(C4O)C)O)OC5C(C(C(C(O5)C)O)O)NC(=O)C6=CC=CC=C6.Cl; CoA provided for each batch |
Doxorubicin Hydrochloride Mechanism of Action
DNA Intercalation and Topoisomerase II Inhibition
Doxorubicin Hydrochloride intercalates between DNA base pairs, stabilizing the topoisomerase II-DNA complex.
Prevents religation of DNA double-strand breaks, leading to replication fork collapse.
Activates ATR/ATM-mediated DNA damage checkpoints and p53-dependent pathways.
Apoptosis Induction
ROS generation contributes to oxidative stress.
Mitochondrial depolarization and cytochrome c release trigger caspase-3/-9 activation.
Both intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways are engaged depending on cell type.
Combination and Resistance Studies
Used in combination with chemotherapeutic agents, kinase inhibitors, and DNA repair modulators to evaluate synergistic or antagonistic effects.
Preclinical studies investigate drug resistance mechanisms including P-glycoprotein efflux, topoisomerase II mutations, and enhanced DNA repair.
Side Effects (Preclinical Observations)
Cellular Effects
S-phase arrest and replication fork stalling
DNA damage accumulation
ROS-mediated oxidative stress
Apoptotic Effects
Caspase-dependent mitochondrial apoptosis
p53-dependent and independent cell death
Laboratory Handling
Handle with PPE and fume hood protection
Strictly for laboratory research; cytotoxic properties require caution
Keywords
Doxorubicin Hydrochloride, DOX HCl, anthracycline, DNA intercalation, topoisomerase II inhibitor, ROS generation, apoptosis research, cytotoxicity studies, S-phase arrest, cell-cycle analysis, combination therapy research, drug resistance modeling, high-purity research chemical, factory small-molecule supplier, China chemical manufacturer, OEM & bulk production, laboratory research reagent
Shipping Guarantee
All Doxorubicin Hydrochloride solution shipments use validated cold-chain logistics. Packages are sealed with secondary protective wrapping and shipped with tracking and insurance.
Trade Assurance
Doxorubicin Hydrochloride Product authenticity guaranteed, ≥99% purity verified by HPLC, MS, NMR. CoA provided for each batch. Replacement or refund available for any deviation from listed specifications.
Payment Support
Global payment options: PayPal, Visa, MasterCard, American Express, T/T, USDT, Bitcoin, Ethereum. Transactions encrypted and verified.
Disclaimer
Doxorubicin Hydrochloride is strictly for laboratory research. Not for human or veterinary use. Researchers must follow institutional safety guidelines.
References
PubMed: Mechanistic studies of Doxorubicin-induced apoptosis (PMID 15294999)
IUPHAR/BPS Guide to Pharmacology: Topoisomerase II Inhibitors
Additional information
| Weight | 1.1 kg |
|---|---|
| Dimensions | 18 × 16 × 18 cm |
What is Doxorubicin Hydrochloride used for in laboratory research?
Doxorubicin Hydrochloride is a high-purity anthracycline solution used to study DNA intercalation, topoisomerase II inhibition, apoptosis, and cytotoxicity in preclinical cancer models.
How does Doxorubicin Hydrochloride induce apoptosis?
Through DNA damage, ROS generation, mitochondrial depolarization, and activation of caspase-3/-9 intrinsic apoptotic pathways.
What is the purity of Doxorubicin Hydrochloride supplied?
All batches are verified ≥99% purity by HPLC, MS, and NMR.
How should Doxorubicin Hydrochloride solution be stored?
Store at 2–8 °C, protected from light. Avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles to maintain stability.
Which solvents are suitable for Doxorubicin Hydrochloride?
Water, DMSO, and laboratory-grade buffers are suitable for preparing solutions for assays.
Can Doxorubicin Hydrochloride be used for DNA damage studies?
Yes, it is widely used to study DNA intercalation, topoisomerase II inhibition, replication stress, and checkpoint activation.
Is Doxorubicin Hydrochloride suitable for combination therapy studies?
Yes, often combined with chemotherapeutic agents or kinase inhibitors to evaluate synergistic or antagonistic cytotoxic effects.
Can Doxorubicin Hydrochloride be used in in vivo models?
Yes, solution form allows accurate dosing in animal studies for preclinical pharmacology and toxicology research.
What safety precautions are required when handling Doxorubicin Hydrochloride?
Use PPE, fume hood, and follow institutional safety protocols. Strictly for research use only.
Is bulk or OEM production available?
Yes, supplied by verified chemical manufacturers with OEM and bulk options.
Which analytical methods confirm Doxorubicin Hydrochloride quality?
Verified by HPLC, MS, and NMR, with CoA provided for each batch.
Does Doxorubicin Hydrochloride generate ROS?
Yes, ROS generation contributes to oxidative stress and cytotoxicity in preclinical models.
Can Doxorubicin Hydrochloride affect cell-cycle checkpoints?
Yes, it induces S-phase arrest, replication fork stalling, and activates ATR/ATM-CHK1/CHK2 pathways.
Are high-purity Doxorubicin Hydrochloride solutions available?
Yes, all batches meet ≥99% purity standards.
What research applications are suitable for Doxorubicin Hydrochloride?
DNA damage studies, apoptosis research, cytotoxicity assays, cell-cycle analysis, combination therapy evaluation, and drug resistance modeling.
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