Description

Product Description

Introduction

Friulimicin D is a naturally occurring lipopeptide antibiotic, produced by the actinomycete Actinoplanes friuliensis. Similar to Friulimicin B, this antibiotic exhibits a unique mechanism of antibacterial activity that distinguishes it from other lipopeptides. It is highly valuable in antimicrobial research, especially in studies focusing on Gram-positive pathogens, cell wall biosynthesis inhibition, and novel antibiotic discovery.

Chemical and Structural Properties

Friulimicin D is composed of a cyclic peptide backbone conjugated with a lipid tail, a structural feature critical for membrane interaction and bactericidal activity. The amphipathic nature of Friulimicin D allows it to integrate into bacterial membranes, disrupting essential processes while sparing eukaryotic cells under controlled experimental conditions.

Key chemical attributes:

• Molecular class: Lipopeptide antibiotic

• Source: Actinoplanes friuliensis

• Structural similarity: Friulimicin B, with minor modifications affecting potency and spectrum

Research Relevance

The rise of antimicrobial resistance has renewed interest in lipopeptide antibiotics. Friulimicin D serves as an experimental tool for understanding bacterial membrane targeting, peptidoglycan biosynthesis inhibition, and structure–activity relationships in cyclic lipopeptides.

Applications include:

• Studying bactericidal mechanisms against Staphylococcus, Enterococcus, and other Gram-positive species

• Evaluating cell wall biosynthesis inhibitors in in vitro and in vivo models

• Screening for synergistic interactions with other antimicrobial compounds

• Preclinical testing for novel antibiotic development

Purity and Quality

Friulimicin D is supplied as a lyophilized powder with ?98% purity verified by HPLC. Manufactured under GMP-compliant processes, it ensures high reproducibility and reliability in research experiments.

Comparative Advantage

Compared to other lipopeptides, Friulimicin D offers:

• Strong activity against multidrug-resistant Gram-positive strains

• Minimal cytotoxicity in mammalian cell lines

• Consistent lot-to-lot quality from GMP suppliers

• A chemically stable structure amenable to experimental manipulation

Product Specifications

Friulimicin D’s high purity, GMP-compliant production, and structural consistency ensure reproducibility across antimicrobial assays and mechanistic studies.

Mechanism of Action & Research Applications

Mechanism of Action

Friulimicin D exerts its antibacterial effects through dual mechanisms:

1. Membrane Interaction:
   The lipid tail inserts into bacterial membranes, perturbing membrane integrity and increasing permeability.

2. Cell Wall Biosynthesis Inhibition:
   By interfering with peptidoglycan synthesis, Friulimicin D prevents proper cell wall formation, leading to bacterial lysis.

This combination of membrane disruption and enzymatic pathway interference confers potent bactericidal activity, particularly against Gram-positive species such as Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, and Clostridium species.

Research Applications

1. Antibiotic Mechanism Studies

   • Dissecting lipopeptide-target interactions with bacterial membranes

   • Investigating synergy with ?-lactams, glycopeptides, and other antimicrobials

2. Multidrug-Resistant Strains Research

   • Evaluating efficacy against vancomycin-resistant Enterococci (VRE)

   • Studying mechanisms of resistance development and evasion

3. In Vitro Assays

   • MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) determination

   • Bacterial growth inhibition curves

   • Membrane depolarization and permeability assays

4. In Vivo Preclinical Models

   • Infection models in murine and rabbit systems

   • Assessment of lipopeptide pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics

5. Translational Research

   • Provides a reference compound for novel antibiotic candidates

   • Contributes to structure–activity relationship (SAR) studies of cyclic lipopeptides

     

Side Effects (For Reference in Research Models)

Friulimicin D is intended strictly for laboratory research. Experimental observations in bacterial and mammalian model systems include:

• Bacterial Adaptation: Dose-dependent emergence of resistant colonies in prolonged exposure studies

• Cytotoxicity: Minimal in mammalian cell lines, but high concentrations may affect cell viability

• Solvent-Related Effects: DMSO or methanol vehicle effects must be controlled

• Stability Considerations: Avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles to maintain antibacterial activity

• Experimental Limitations: Efficacy may vary across bacterial strains and culture conditions

Proper experimental design, including control groups and concentration titration, is essential to ensure valid and reproducible results.

Disclaimer

For laboratory research use only. Not for human or veterinary use.

Keywords

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